electricity
#define electricity: \
I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\
I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\
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I /$$$$$$$$ /$$ /$$ /$$ /$$ /$$ \
I | $$_____/| $$ | $$ |__/ |__/ | $$ \
I | $$ | $$ /$$$$$$ /$$$$$$$ /$$$$$$ /$$$$$$ /$$ /$$$$$$$ /$$ /$$$$$$ /$$ /$$ \
I | $$$$$ | $$ /$$__ $$ /$$_____/|_ $$_/ /$$__ $$| $$ /$$_____/| $$|_ $$_/ | $$ | $$ \
I | $$__/ | $$| $$$$$$$$| $$ | $$ | $$ \__/| $$| $$ | $$ | $$ | $$ | $$ \
I | $$ | $$| $$_____/| $$ | $$ /$$| $$ | $$| $$ | $$ | $$ /$$| $$ | $$ \
I | $$$$$$$$| $$| $$$$$$$| $$$$$$$ | $$$$/| $$ | $$| $$$$$$$| $$ | $$$$/| $$$$$$$ \
I |________/|__/ \_______/ \_______/ \___/ |__/ |__/ \_______/|__/ \___/ \____ $$ \
I /$$ | $$ \
I | $$$$$$/ \
I \______/ \
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"Electricity is the new common language." - DeKerckhove, pp. 82
• "boohoo i wish i was living in a fantasy world",
look around you, electricity is literally magic
and programmers are abstraction wizards
Current_flow_in_a_cable: Current_flow_in_a_cable:
Resistence Current
Gray( / | / \
/ | / \
/ | / \
/ | / \ )
.-. ──────── / | ─────────── / ──── \ ────────────────────────────
_____| \ O > O O > O | O > O O > O O > \O O > O O > O O [...]
| Voltage } O > O O > O O > O O > O O > O O > O O > O [...]
ˇˇˇˇˇ| / O > O O > O O > O O > O O > O O > O O > O O [...]
^-^ ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
| Constant current ['>'] flow
---+--- ----------------------------------> -----
|
• this is Benjamin Franklin's conventional chart
• on a technicality, its wrong
• it used to be assumed that positive charge flows from '+' to '-';
in reality, a negative charge flows from '-' to '+', which is mathematically equivalent
Semmiconductor_devices: Semmiconductor_devices:
chan. == channeled
Semiconductors
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
Diodes Transistors
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
Bipolar Unipolar
/\ /\
/ \ / \
PNP NPN / \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
Deplation-mode Enchancement-mode
/\ /\
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
N chan. P chan. N chan. P chan.
####################################################################################################################################################
Coulomb: Coulomb:
• a measurement
• the amount of electric charge carried by 1/(1.602176634×10^−19) electrons
• symbol: 'C'
Voltage: Voltage:
• alias "Electro Motive Force"
• electrical force which pushes the flow of electricity
• symbol: 'u'
— Measurement:
— volt:
• symbol: 'V'
Current: Current:
• current
• rate of electricity flow
• symbol: 'I'
— Measurement:
— ampare:
• symbol: 'A'
○ equation
1 C
1 A = -------
1 s
Ohm: Ohm:
• measurement of resistance
• symbol: 'Ω'
• when an electrical signal travels down a cable the signal exerts resistance and loses energy,
making it weaker; this is called attenuation
• attenuation is the reason why all cables have a so called maximum lenght, which is
the point forward from which data can not be read (reliably) any more (if we ignore jamming)
Joule: Joule:
• measurement of work
• symbol: 'J'
Watt: Watt:
• measurement of work over time
• symbol: 'W'
○ equation
1 J
1 W = -------
1 s
Transformer: Transformer:
• a device that changes the ratio of voltage and current
Currents: Currents:
• a rectifier is a device that converts AC to DC
• a inverter is a device that converts DC to AC
Direct:
• "DC"
Altering:
• "AC"
Semiconductor: Semiconductor:
• a material that only conducts when under a specific voltage ( 0.5~0.7 V )
• makes diodes possible
Silicon:
• "silícium"^HU
• the most widely used material for semi-conductors
○ molecular structure:
{ | | |
| | |
. ----4----4----4----
| | |
| | |
. ----4----4----4----
| | |
| | |
. ----4----4----4----
| | |
| | |
}
○ types
— donor/type N
• another element with a higher electron count is introduced into silicon
— acceptor/type P
• N and P will always be interchangeable as long as its done in a consistent manner (swapping polarities too)
○ molecular structure:
{
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
. ----4----4----4---- ----4----4----4----
| | , | | | |
| |/ | | | |
. ----4----5----4---- ----4----3 4----
| | | | | /|
| | | | | ˇ |
. ----4----4----4---- ----4----4----4----
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
}
Diode: Diode:
{ Thin stable line
|
V
+=======I=======+
┌──────‖ N -I+ P ‖──────┐
│ +=======I=======+ │
│ │
│ - + │
└────────────O O────────────┘
}
LED:
• "Light Emitting Diode"
.--.
| .-.|
|T ||
[_|__|_]
| |
| |
| |
|
Transistor: Transistor:
Unipolar: Unipolar:
• doesnt require const drainage to keep the current flowing (opposed to bipolar)
• work is only needed to close/open the current flow
— MOSFET
• "Metal-Oxid-Semiconductor Field-Effect transistor"
— depletion-mode MOSFET
•
{
Source; Gate; Drain Source; Gate; Drain
│ - │ │ + │
│ ¸¸¸¸│¸¸¸¸ │ │ ¸¸¸¸│¸¸¸¸ │
│ ####H#### │ │ ####H#### │
+==+===+_________+===+==+ +==+===+_________+===+==+
‖ ‖ N .=͈========. N ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ P .=͈========. P ‖ ‖
‖ +===+ +===+ ‖ ‖ +===+ +===+ ‖
‖ P ‖ ‖ N ‖
+=======================+ +=======================+
│ │
+ -
}
— enhancement-mode MOSFET
{
Source; Gate; Drain Source; Gate; Drain
│ + │ │ - │
│ ¸¸¸¸│¸¸¸¸ │ │ ¸¸¸¸│¸¸¸¸ │
│ ####H#### │ │ ####H#### │
+==+===+=========+===+==+ +==+===+=========+===+==+
‖ ‖ N ‖ ͈ ‖ N ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ P ‖ ͈ ‖ P ‖ ‖
‖ +===+ P +===+ ‖ ‖ +===+ N +===+ ‖
‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
+=======================+ +=======================+
│ │
. - +
}
Bipolar: Bipolar:
• requires const drainage to keep the current flowing
— NPN
— PNP
{ Emitter;Base;Collector Emitter;Base;Collector
| | | | | |
V V V V V V
+=======I===I=======+ +=======I===I=======+
┌──────‖ N I P I N ‖──────┐ ┌──────‖ P I N I P ‖──────┐
│ +=======I===I=======+ │ │ +=======I===I=======+ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ - + │ - + │ │ + - │ + - │
└─────O O────────┴──────O O───────┘ └─────O O────────┴──────O O───────┘
JˇCollector
Beta = ───────────── ~ 100
JˇBase
}
In_practice:
{
ßß#ßß
ßß#ßß
ßß#ßß
| | |
| | |
| | |
_____
I^-_-^I
I I
I I
|^-_-^|
| | |
| | |
| | |
C B E
}
Multimeter:
pass